1 - Protection of Commercial Cargo Ships in Exercising the Right of Passage in International Straits

Presentation Abstract
International straits play a crucial role as vital routes for vessel movements. UNCLOS 1982 regulates the use of international straits as international navigation routes, emphasizing their importance in global trade. These straits serve as transportation routes and represent significant economic potential, supporting growth and investment in their surrounding regions. However, dynamics and conflicts often arise with coastal states, as seen in cases like the Houthi militants' attacks on cargo ships bound for the Americas or Europe. Therefore, it is essential to understand the rights and obligations of coastal states in the context of maritime law.
This research aims to examine the regulations concerning the protection of commercial cargo ships in peaceful passage through international straits and the safeguarding of commercial cargo ships attacked by military groups in international waters. The legal research method will analyze and provide prescriptive insights. UNCLOS 1982 regulates the peaceful passage of commercial cargo ships through international straits with the principles of freedom of navigation and ensuring navigational safety. However, there are limitations to maintain the peace of the coastal state that must still be considered. Ship protection involves the responsibility of the coastal state, ensuring unimpeded peaceful passage and providing danger notifications. Additional regulations, such as SOLAS 1974, establish minimum safety standards. Military attacks on commercial cargo ships can lead to diplomatic tensions and economic losses. International cooperation, law enforcement, and joint security measures are necessary to enhance protection. These efforts are expected to create a safe and stable maritime environment.