3 - Who are the people called 'Orang Laut'?

Since the late 7th century onwards, traditional kingdoms arose in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula. This differentiated the  sea foragers into (1) communities that submitted to the rule of a self-appointed elite, and (2) communities that did not submit to a ruling elite. The former moved to land in the 19th and 20th centuries, whereas the latter are still in various processes of moving to land in the 20th and 21st centuries. The move to land is a pattern consisting of disparate processes which differ from community to community. The move to land of sea-foraging communities submitting to the ruling elite in the 19th and 20th centuries is related to state-sponsored piracy and to sea-borne trade between China and Southeast Asia. In contrast, the move to land by sea-foraging communities that did not submit to any ruling elite in the 20th and 21st centuries is motivated by waged work for tauke of Chinese ethnicity. At the present time, traditional kingdoms are no longer pre-colonial power structures. If such kingdoms exist at all, they exist within modern nation-states which are themselves variously embedded in the global economy. This poses the question of how nomadic foraging at sea -- sea that rose because of climatic heating 17,000 years ago -- relates to nation-states that came into existence only after the Second World War ended in 1945. An issue arises when citizenship is conceptualised as sedentarised people who submit to ruling elites.